penyamaran = 伪装。有效追问会连接外形与生存功能，并寻找可比较的其他动物。例子：像枯叶的身体使捕食者较难发现它，再调查竹节虫是否有相似策略。注意：装饰喜好和商店资料不属于动物适应问题。

penyamaran = camouflage. A productive follow-up connects appearance to survival and seeks another animal for comparison. Example: a body resembling a dry leaf makes detection harder, leading to a question about whether stick insects use a similar strategy. Watch out: classroom decoration preferences and shop information are unrelated to animal adaptation.

pemerhatian selamat = 安全观察。太阳在日食期间仍会释放危险强光，必须使用合格专用滤镜，并依指导操作。例子：老师先检查日食观察镜是否完好，再让学生短时间轮流观察。注意：普通太阳镜和无滤镜相机都不够安全。

pemerhatian selamat = safe observation. The Sun remains dangerously bright during an eclipse, so certified viewing filters and proper guidance are necessary. Example: a teacher checks that eclipse glasses are undamaged before learners observe briefly in turns. Watch out: ordinary sunglasses and an unfiltered camera do not provide adequate protection.

pendahuluan laporan = 报告开头。开头建立事件身份，让读者知道何时、何地、谁参与以及为何举办。例子：写明比赛日期、学校地点、参赛人数和推广航天科学的目标。注意：个人想象或无关术语不能代替基本事实。

pendahuluan laporan = report introduction. It establishes the event by stating when and where it occurred, who participated and why it was organised. Example: include the competition date, school venue, number of entrants and aim of promoting space science. Watch out: personal imagination or unrelated terminology cannot replace these basic facts.

tujuan penulisan = 写作目的。事实文帮助读者了解一个主题的一般信息；报告让读者查核一次具体活动的过程与结果。例子：说明水火箭类别是事实文，记录某校比赛日期和成绩是报告。注意：格式差异来自用途，不是篇幅长短。

tujuan penulisan = writing purpose. A factual composition helps readers understand general information about a topic, whereas a report makes one event’s process and outcome verifiable. Example: explaining water-rocket categories is factual writing; recording a school competition’s date and results is a report. Watch out: the difference comes from purpose, not length.

bagai lebah mengumpulkan madu = 像蜜蜂采蜜般勤奋。比喻科学家持续搜集证据和知识，逐步形成有用成果。例子：每天记录实验变化，长期比较后得到可靠结论。注意：重点是勤勉累积，不是研究对象必须与蜜蜂有关。

bagai lebah mengumpulkan madu = diligently like a bee collecting honey. The simile describes a scientist who gathers evidence and knowledge continuously until useful results emerge. Example: recording experimental changes every day and comparing them over time produces a reliable conclusion. Watch out: the value is persistent effort, not a requirement to study bees.

subjek diperluas = 扩展主语。先找谓语 meluncur，再检查前面的名词组；ciptaan pasukan muda 说明是哪一枚水火箭。例子：Roket air ciptaan pasukan muda itu 是完整扩展主语。注意：高度、时长和地点都说明滑行，属于谓语资料。

subjek diperluas = expanded subject. Locate the predicate meluncur and inspect the noun phrase before it; ciptaan pasukan muda identifies which water rocket. Example: Roket air ciptaan pasukan muda itu is the complete expanded subject. Watch out: height, duration and location describe the flight and therefore add information to the predicate.

kata relatif yang = 关系词 yang。它把说明名词的从句紧接在该名词之后，使人物或物件更具体。例子：Murid yang menjalankan eksperimen itu… 说明是哪位学生。注意：yang 不能任意插在动词和宾语之间，也不能代替并列词。

kata relatif yang = relative marker yang. It places a clause directly after the noun being described, making the person or object more specific. Example: Murid yang menjalankan eksperimen itu identifies which learner. Watch out: yang cannot be inserted randomly between a verb and object or used as a substitute for a coordinating conjunction.

keterangan pertentangan = 让步或转折情况。walaupun 引出与主句结果形成反差的事实：已经仔细检查，仍未找到。例子：belum menemui… walaupun telah memeriksa…。注意：dan 只是并列，不表达预期与结果之间的反差。

keterangan pertentangan = concessive circumstance. Walaupun introduces a fact that contrasts with the main result: a careful search occurred, yet the pin remains unfound. Example: belum menemui… walaupun telah memeriksa…. Watch out: dan simply coordinates information and does not express the contrast between effort and outcome.